Theories Of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Theories Of leadinghip EssayIntroductionManagers and leading in any organization atomic number 18 expected to influence the actions of their employees through several channels. Some of these include communicating with staff members, stimulating subordinates to work hard and ensuring that all the resources indoors the company argon allocated well. These expectations can either be met favoredly or unfortunately. Numerous researchers felt the need to come up with theories that govern successful leadership. One of these theories is known as the contingency theory.An analysis of the contingency theoryFielder (1964) came up with this approach to leadership after realizing that leaders could function well if they changed their styles to suit the situation at hand. This is where the name contingency originates. Fielder conducted several studies of effective and ineffective leaders. Thereafter he concluded that the most successful approach would be to match organisational settings w ith leadership styles. These two parameters form the basis of the contingency theory of leadership.According to Fiedler, leadership style whitethorn be delimitate as the way leaders and employees interact with one a nonher. One can non claim that a managers leadership style changes from time to time. On the contrary, this is a fixed parameter since each leader has a different personality. The latter term mostly affects the nature of the leadership style.Since this trait is of the essence(p), Fielder came up with a method for categorizing leadership styles. He used the Least Preferred Coworker Scale (LPC). The Scale is use only to leaders the latter ar asked to rate the person they feel has worked very poorly(predicate) with them. The scale starts from one to eight and may be a classification of a co-worker from the past or the present depending on which worker was the worst. Examples of personality traits that guide the scaling process includeUnfriendly versus friendly worke rsHostile versus supportiveGuarded versus openUncooperative versus cooperative (Fiedler, 1964)All the latter traits are in ascending order with number 1 representing the character trait on the left while number 8 represents the character trait on the right.The LPC scales main purpose is to determine whether a particular form of leadership style is task lie or people oriented. Leaders who score high marks in the scale favor interpersonal relationships. Consequently, those leaders who rate their co-workers in a negative light may be more interested in the task at hand. This also implies that such leaders have poor interpersonal relationships. However, critics have asserted that such traits may not necessarily be accurate. Some individuals may portray their co-workers in a negative light but still be keen on interpersonal relationships.Fielder (1964) felt that those leaders who managed to match the requirements of the task with a dominant personality trait tended to be more successful . Dominant personality traits largely determine the approach chosen by leaders i.e. either people oriented or task oriented approach.The LPC scale indicates whether or not a certain individual values interpersonal relationships. In case leaders score highly, then they commonly consider interpersonal relationships as a all important(p) part of implementing tasks. However, those who score low marks in the scale value task completion more than anything else does. Consequently, most of them may not bother creating next relationships with their employees.Fielder (1964) was also concerned with the organizational environment or what is also called the situational variable. According to him, the situational variable can be defined as that aspect within the organization that can allow leaders to exert influence within their team.He divided the situational variables as follows-Task mental synthesis-Position power-Leader to member relationshipsThe leader-member structure is defined as the level of acceptance team players have towards their leader. Task structures may be defined as the level of job specificity among subordinates. Lastly, daub power is exposit as the level of authority attributed to a leader as result of his position within the organization. (Fiedler, 1964)In the Leader-member situation, a leader would be more successful if he establishes robust links between himself and the other people within the organization this is through trusting and respecting members of his organization. Additionally, successful leaders in the task structure situation are those ones that specify job detail well. Powerful leaders in the position power situation are those ones that exercise their right to assoil and hire or to reward individuals within the organization.All the latter three situations create eight leadership styles. These are then divided into two important groups known as the relationship or task oriented leaders. Five of the leadership styles fall under the latter category.Fielder (1964) felt that task oriented approach were more appropriate in disasters or extreme situations. In cases where a fire strikes an organization, then leaders would be more efficient if they applied the task oriented approach. At this time, the issue of position power is not very relevant and neither are the relationships of the co-workers. In extreme cases or in disasters, the individuals who direct tasks most efficiently become the leaders. The opposite is true for leaders who try applying a people oriented approach. This would mean considering what people think and this would at long last delay outcomes. Such cases require only the fastest responses for survival.Task oriented relationships are also important in blue collar jobs. This is because such workers normally require direction and job specificity. Therefore, this leadership approach would be most appropriate. On the other hand, such scenarios may still be characterized by strong leader member relati onships. The latter situation can be effected when leaders reward worker well for their efforts.Relationship oriented leadership styles may be more favorable in situations where the organizational environment is highly predictable. Some of the most appropriate environments include research institutes. In such circumstances, subordinates would not like it if their leaders interfered with the nature of their task. Here, it would be more appropriate to work on building relationships with subordinates.It should be noted that Fielders theory does not cover all the possible factors affecting leadership. Some leaders may be more effective if they undergo training or gain encounter on the job. Such factors have not been accounted for by the contingency theory.ConclusionOverly, Fielder was trying to say that leaders are not just successful or unsuccessful. Leaders can either be effective in certain situations and not all of them. Therefore, all individuals can become leaders if they deal t he most appropriate situation to apply their leadership styles. Additionally, it is possible to make a leader more effective by altering the following position power, task structure and leader member relationships. It should also be noted that Fielders scale can be quite appropriate in determining leadership styles.ReferenceFiedler, E. (1964) A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness Journal for Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press 1, 12, 149-190

Abuse of power Vs Spiritual Redemption Essay Example for Free

Ab usage of power Vs Spiritual Redemption EssayThe Tempest is full of different stalks that throw away perfectly to bring out the mastery of Shakespe be. However, two themes that stand out in the play, and they have been the source of much debate over the years. Both themes are backed with incredible, pinpoint accurate evidence over the dominance of the other. Over the years, scholars have found it hard to settle on one theme be dominant over the other, but with an analysis of the evidence presented on both counts, the decision is left to the reader of the play or the earreach for that matter. The first theme that stands out is spiritual redemption and goodwill. It can be explained in the play through the casing Prospero whereby he struggles, loses his kingdom, finds a nonher and learns from his past in order not to have history repeat itself. In the world crested by The Tempest, through Prospero, Shakespeare tries to examine the human condition of sin, redemption and goodw ill. At the beginning of the play, the audience is made aware that Prospero was a Duke of Milan but his brother Antonio, with the kings consent, took his Dukedom away from him. During his tenure as Duke, Prospero was more concerned with education and magic trick than he was ruling his kingdom. For this reason, Antonio was able to take advantage and win over the hearts of the people of Milan, which consequently led to the usurping of Prospero from his dukedom, but with help from the King of Naples.Prospero was accordingly exiled with his daughter Miranda, on a wrecked boat where they terminate up on an island. Here, Prospero learned the values of authority by turning Caliban into a striver under his command. At one point, his slave alongside two other men tried to kill him but he manipulated them and changed their minds completely. When the shipwrecked men had been brought to him, he could have chosen to exact his revenge and kill them, but he was kind to them. In so doing, Prospe ro found redemption for his sin as a previously failed ruler.The other theme that stands out is that of Colonial Abuse of Power. In almost every scene, there is a portrayal of power whereby there is a character that has power over the other. The relationship of Prospero and Caliban is that of master and slave and this stands out throughout the play, where Caliban submits to Prospero. The Tempest brings to light the theme of colonization when in 1610, the Sea Adventure to Virginia ended in shipwreck in Bermuda. Also, the anagram of the name Caliban is derived from the name cannibal which shows a difference in cultures. This also shows that Caliban was the native of the island that Prospero had asserted himself as king. Propseros relationship with Ariel also demonstrated the intense theme of power. Ariel is a spirit but she is submissive to Prospero, by saying All hail, Great masterIn both themes, there is enough evidence to warrant a discussion, but to my opinion, I think that the t heme of spiritual redemption and goodwill is most dominant. Primarily, this is because the use and abuse of power is an age-old tradition that never seizes. However, the act of Prospero showing mercy stands out because as royalty, there is a need to show unimportance and making decisions not out of feeling, but out of reason. Thus, the theme of spiritual redemption and goodwill is most convincing in all manners and rights. first document

Analysis of the Global Tire Business

Analysis of the world-wide have on BusinessI. Company Analysis1. Basic OverviewThe January 2010 issue of Modern play out Dealer magazine published the 2009 sales data for the global beat industry, and Hankook Tire placed seventh on the list for the fourth consecutive grade since 2006. sales have grownup an average of 13.9 percent annually for the past decade, bringing the cumulative rate to 133 percent for the period. More than 70 percent of the tax is earned outside Korea.2. fiscal OverviewHankook Tire Co. posted improved 2010 earnings year-on-year with its net profit reaching 424.8 billion won ($381 cardinal) last year, up 21.1% from 350.8 billion won a year earlier. The overall global increase has come on the back of brisk sales in both domestic and overseas grocerys. Sales jumped 19.3% to 3.35 cardinal won, and run profit rose 5.5% to 367.5 billion won. In a separate statement, the company said its consolidated sales, including figures from its overseas operations, reached 5.36 trillion won last year with operating(a) profit coming to 585.8 billion won. According to the annual report the company is targeting 6.06 trillion won in global sales in 2011.3. Organization createHankook rakes organizational structure is matrix structure. Under Global CEO, there ar Global Staff (Head rump by functional Division) and Regional Headquarters (Head quarter by Geographical Division). Both Functional division and Geographical division have the same level of Structure in Global CEO mesa 1-1 Under Global CEOSourced by Hankook Tires annual report, 2010Global distri howeverion network consists of four regional headquarters and 80 subsidiaries sales offices and its products are exchange worldwide in about 180 countries.4. SWOT AnalysisStrengthsOverall, a advanced financial statementA positive brand recognition on the world market ( advanced quality + low charge)A healthy labor-management relationsThe worlds major tire factory and the proper distribution channels to market demand, buildingWeaknessesLow investment than expected in the industry (Total asset increase, non-current ratio lower than industry average)RE market is relatively weak compared to the OE marketOpportunities home(prenominal) auto demand increases due to tax credited for old vehicles and hybrid vehicles.After the global financial crisis, global tire charge competitiveness is acquire higher. chinas tire market increases due to chinas auto market growthThreatsFrom 2009, the prices of natural rubber and synthetic rubber (raw material prices due to the high price elasticity) is promptly risingII. application Business Analysis1. Industry Environment analysisThe global tire market accounted for approximately US $140 billion and 1.25 billion volumes in 2008, according to Research in Tire. While the worldwide tire industry is still largely driven by the well-known multinational companies (in size order) Sales amount of Bridgestone, Michelin and Goodyear are 46% of su bstance sales for top 75 ranked companies (2008 old age). Sales portion (of world top 11th to seventh Tire companies) increased to 31% in 2008 compared to 20% in 1998. Its because the subsequent tire companies based on the high growing market such(prenominal) as China, Taiwan, India, and Russia are getting larger. On the other hand, the sales portion of 3 Korean companies in the world market steadily increase in 2010s and have interpreted 56% from 2006 year.Tire Industry has the entry barrier such as huge a capital injection, technology challenger, brand establishment, and distribution channel, so it is formed as oligopoly in each nation. But top raking companies has the competitive in major market of North-the States and Europe.This market is divided into side by side(p) basic categories OE (Original Equipment) which providing to cable car manufacturing companies, and RE (Replacement Equipment) which providing to tire distribution. RE market size is 34 times life-sizeger tha n OE market. Compared to OE sales which are affected by the volume of railcar production, RE has stable consumption market in proportion to the registered number of car and average operating mileage of car. Table 2-1 World Major Tire Companies2. Competitor analysis1) MichelinStrengths100 years of tradition with the highest international brand awareness and increase reliability, high technology based on more than 10% of homeopathic products are highly priced. Michelin recently later on driving it to the driver of a flat tire platform developed by us after a run on the world market has raised more than 2%. By advantageful overseas, and currently has 57 global offices with two thirds of the total production is done overseas.WeaknessesMichelins impudent products are released once every two years. This once in six months compared to other companies to launch new products launched at seven-day intervals tends to slow the market responsive.2) Kumho TiresStrengthsColor tires, aircraft tires, racing tires, passenger tires, truck and bus tires, industrial tires, and a variety of excellent products and sell to the general consumer confidence and job-oriented consumers are demanding. In addition, through the diversification of high-performance products to market is increasing grip. In addition, the current four car race competition among the three has been supplied by Kumho Tire.Weaknessesrailway car racing is non an active participant in the company as an official support is simple, has done. Also entered the Chinese market early in the fracture is not performed correctly, but not localization, market share is very low.3) NexenStrengthsBased on stable labor-management relations for 3 consecutive years of financial tire manufacturer has the best financial structure. In addition, the price is so competitive.WeaknessesBoth low technologies value-added market shares due to the low productivity focused mainly the domestic market. But overseas sales by focusing on profi tability are difficult to expect.III. world-wide Business Strategy Analysis1. Ideal International Business Strategy AnalysisPressure for global integrationGlobalization of markets Basic needs of customers are not quite different globally. The convergence of customers for an automobile tire makes tires makers go global. Tire industry has similarities in products, customers, and even operating structures. The objectives of tire makers are mainly how to focus on minimal costs and level best value.Globalization of production Standardization of tire drives the globalization of market. Since tire industry is typical the manufacturing industry, it can benefit from economies of surpass and cluster effects at special(prenominal) locations such as Hungary aiming European market.Pressure for local responsivenessCustomer divergence Customer and country divergence are middle due to following reasons. Since a tire is complementary goods of an automobile, a tire market is strongly affected by an automobile market. In developed countries, there is no big pressure for local responsiveness because economic conditions and infra structures for a tire market are quite similar. However, in developing countries such as BRICs the prison-breaking between rich and poor are wide and road conditions are very different. It means that Hankook tire has to figure out what the customers want.Host government policies A tire industry is perfectly related to an automobile industry and many local companies try to enter its home and expand their dividing line. Therefore, host government such as China might be sensitive and hostile to foreign company.Therefore, it might be a good way for Hankook tire to choose Global Strategy or Transnational Strategy.2. What Hankook Tire did?5 RD Centers Korea, U.S.A, Germany, China, Japan5 Factories Korea (2 factories), China (2 factories), Hungary4 Regional headquarters and 80 subsidiaries Sales office exchange its products to 164 countriesHankook Tire is steadily improving its image as a subvention brand throughaggressive global marketing and continuous research and phylogenesis efforts.3. Hankook Tires entry to other countriesInternationalization Phase and Entering Countries1) Beginning phase (1981-1998) take a shited Hankook Tire America Corporation (1981)Established its capital of Red China branch in China (1994)Established Europe technological Center (ETC) (1996)Established China Technical Center (CTC) (1998)2) Expansion phase (1999-present)Completed Jiangsu and Jiaxing Plant in China (1999)Opened Europe Distribution Center (EDC) in the Netherlands(2001)Hungary Plant begins production (2007)100 millionth tire produced in China (2007)Detailed information by main countries1) ChinaA. Objectives of InternalizationTo create demand in the fast growing market with high infinite potentialExpand its tire business in China with increasing automobile industryB. good will for Site SelectionEconomic Continuous double digit growth. Explo sion of middle-high income consumersSocial/political Communist country geared toward open policy. Easy to enter due to its similarity to Korea in terms of social, cultural and geographical aspectTire Industry World largest tire manufacturing company (over 337 million yearly, *source -Tire Business), World highest growth rate on domestic market salesC. Entry ModeFounded Beijing branch in 1994 and tradeedEstablishment of Joint-Venture with Chinese Company which is located in Jiangsu and had a good relationship with themEstablished China Technical Center in 1998 and completed Jiangsu and Jiaxing plant in 1999Expansion of distribution channel in 10 major citiesRoll-out of TStation one-stop auto service concept in Shanghai in 2007Operating 40 TStations and 400 Tire townsfolks in ChinaD. OutcomeRecorded 20% of market share which is 1st in China and 1.4 trillion won of sales revenue in 2010Supplied its products to more than 30 automobile companies in Chinese market such as Volkswagen, PE UGEOT, interbreeding and NISSAN Table 3-1 vellicate Tires ability of production and plan for expansionHomeAbroadTotalPlan for expansion4,300China 2,8007,600Build additional factories in Hungary (+500)Hungary 500Establish 3th factory in China and 1st one in IndonesiaMaking a plan to produce 110 million a year until 2014Sourced by Hankook tires IR2) HungaryA. Objectives of InternalizationCost Reduction for Distribution and ManufacturingHungary is a good place for first foray before expanding its entry into Western Europe countriesB. Consideration for Site SelectionEconomic Risk minimization of current exchange rate among EU countriesSocial/Political Reduction of possible trading disputes and not imposing antidumping taxs among EU countriesTire Industry Europe is taking 30% of world tire marketC. Entry modeEstablished of Europe Technical Center in 1996 and began Hungary Plant in 2007Decided to build additional two more factories in 2010 to be able to manufacture 12 million per year4 . Evaluation and key learning from previous caseThe tire industry is multinational in nature therefore, production plants are situated in virtually every geographic region, particularly in North America, Europe, Japan, other Asian countries. Strategic supplies of natural rubber integral to the production of certain OTR tires are situated near the equator in many of the Asian countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, and China.Large global tire plants in many regions of the world have the capability to produce a variety of tires including passenger car, truck and bus, and certain OTR tires, variably dependent upon logistics, demand, and affiliation.In this competitive industry, Most of Hankook tires international business turned out to be sustainable. Especially, the success in Chinese market is meaningful in respect of Hankook tire has been leading other competitors with high quality strategy operating Tire Town and differentiation strategy managing premium store TS tation. The next step was to expand its market to Europe, America, and other countries. To be prosperous in these new markets as they did in China, Hankook tire should analyze the target market thoroughly and implement appropriate strategies optimized to each market.IV. Companys TO-BE Analysis1. Should Hankook Tire really go to global market?As shown above, Hankook Tire has been tried to expand their business to global for a long time and seems to place good position in China market. With the effort, the company shows chess opening to be a global big player with competitiveness. Thus, they need to keep their global strategy and to expand global business further. Before the expansion, however, Hankook Tire should visit below questions.What are the core competitive points of Hankook Tire?What were the key success factors of Hankook Tire for China market?Is the success factors are applicable to other markets such as Europe and America?2. Does Hankook Tire still have the chance globa lly?Most of all, the critical success factor of globalization of Hankook Tire is successful insight into China market based on competitive price with better quality, preoccupancy, and well-established brand value. Tire industry has been threatened sharp rising of the price of raw materials and it results short-term shortfall of profitability. Global top-tier players are suffering from the situation of increasing price of natural rubber under lower demand of tires and do not show sufficient capacity to prepare for business recovery. Whereas, Hankook Tire maintains relatively higher profitability than other global top-tier competitors and it may give good opportunity for the company to be grown by survivor effect. Moreover, the good profit structure makes Hankook Tire offer good suggestion to dealers. There is no doubt that it is the right time for Hankook3. Our suggestionsHankook Tire ranked 1st place of PCR (passenger car radials) with 30% market share in China, which is one of the biggest potentials, and marked 7th in worldwide tire market. However, strong global competitors are continuously expanding their investments in China market and thus the competition is getting much fiercer. Furthermore, the price of raw materials is going up and it does deteriorate the operation profit. Therefore, we would like to suggest three strategic pillars for Hankook tire to acquire competitive edge of global competition and to explore new chance for the growth as below.1) Reinforcement of the leadership in Emerging market focusing on ChinaAggressive penetration and expansion strategy of Hankook Tire for emerging markets is most appropriate to broaden the gap with following competitors at this point.Enhance competitiveness in Original Equipment (OE) tire market through strategic alliance with one of the big automobile companies such as Hyundai-Kia motors which is the 2nd player of China automobile industry.Preoccupy coming(prenominal) explosive market of Replacement Equipme nt (RE) tire through technology driven, value added products such as UHP(Ultra High Performance)Expand T station business, a new distribution channel which makes high profitability through direct sales to consumer, provides highly qualified service and image, and enables CRM.Develop localized tire products considering Chinese unique(predicate) culture, weather, and economics. For example, customized tires for reckless driving and overloading vehicles.Diversify product portfolio from tires for PCR to bus, truck, and light trucks.2) Expansion of growth opportunity in Developed market such as AmericaUS market registered cars are 250 million and among this newly producing car only shares 13 millions. It is the biggest RE tire market preferring premium brands. Hankook Tire started to export 1986 and 2010 sales revenue reached US$ 1billion. Market share of Korean tire companies in US market gradually increased from 2.5% in 2000 to 8.9% in 2009. It is primarily driven by increased prefere nce to Korean brands of US dealers. Korean brands demonstrate significant higher market shares than wholesalers distribution rate and it provides the dealers higher profit. Moreover, top-tier players still maintain oligopoly but decrepit facilities and inefficient cost structure let disappear advantages of local production. Closing of the factories decreases capability of production in US and thus the amount of export tends to increase continuously. Lastly, as US government adopted a protectionist stance as evidenced by the imposition of an additional 35% safeguard tariff on Chinese-made tires, Hankook Tire should handle the rapidly changing business environment with appropriate countermeasures at the right time. To leverage the above opportunities, we would suggest expanding the business with premium tires based on local production and efficient supply chain management (SCM), getting competitive edge in North and South American area.Build a new factory in Mexico and produce two sep arate line products Mexico has several advantages as supplying headquarter for North and South America Free trade with US, lowest labor cost among North America countries, and geographic advantage for effective supply between North and South America. 2 separate line products may satisfy different needs of the customers technology-driven, premium tires for North America and cost effective, low price tire for South America. reanimate market penetration taking advantage of relatively high profitability. Hankook Tire should expand Original Equipment (OE) tire sales and distribution channels because OE lasts averagely five years before replacement and around half have a tendency to keep their original brand in the timing of replacement. If Hankook Tire has an advantage on production of functional OE tires or distribution with aggressive investment under depressed tire market, allied with major automobile companies such as Ford which already established cooperation, it would be good chan ce to make a new leap forward as one of the big global players in tire industry.3) International business management for long-term competitivenessFor the long-term success of global business for Hankook Tire, our team suggests that high global efficiency and high local responsiveness be needed as strategic alternatives for international strategyAchieve economies of scale on the long term point of view. delinquent to the nature of the tire industry, the economies of scale with high foreign investment with extensive coordination would be effective way to spike the long-term competitiveness.Secure global scale efficiency through the localizationSince 2009, Hungarian plant has achieved to save the short-term logistic costs and shorten the delivery period from 2-3 weeks to 2-3 days. And also parentd market recognition in Europe. This is good example to have raised the market share through the localization. To build the next-planed Indonesia and China plant may helpful to strengthen lo ng term competitiveness.Decentralization Strategy by ongoing training program for local people. Trained local people could take the initiative to enhance not only the production efficiency and quality but also the sales. Thus, training program for local makes to strengthen the long term competitiveness

Gender Differences In Mobile Phone Use Media Essay

Gender Differences In Mobile Phone Use Media EssayThe study aims at exploring the gender loss of opinions in roving hollo usage by the young-begetting(prenominal) and female. Two main attributes of mobile phone utilize ar fathom c all(prenominal) and school textbookual mattering. Following Rubin et al (1988)s half-dozen interpersonal indigences, the study collects entropy from a cluster of graduate and undergraduate students to assess what communication causatives do they feel gratified go using mobile phones in both the dimensions.Contemporarily, we atomic number 18 passing through a transformation phase where communication technologies are shaping the destinies of peeled world. Old fashion capital and labor-intensive technologies are organism replaced by the sophisticated technologies which include robotics, cellular communications, miniature motors, super computers, software production and spirited performance materials. Contemporary technological oerture and im provement analogous internet and computer mediated communication advert that the communication applied science revolution is still young. Significant aspects of this revolution include speed, integrity, sophistication, and cost. Inte simplenessingly, the high cost of telecommunication has been reduced drastically as compared to what it was in the last decade most negligible. Similarly, superconductivity and data compression and integration techniques have made it realistic to produce mobisodes short episodes for mobile viewers, and webisodes minidramas to view on net and in advertisements (Vivian, 2007, p.197).The technological boom in the recent times has introduced new facets of media in the pagan settings of every society. Internet and cyber-spacing are stretching the commercial organizations to the boundaries of imagination. Paperless business transactions through e-mails and internet have altered the ways of doing business and changed heartyization in economic instit ution. National frontiers do non seem to exist anyto a greater extent as business alliances have expanded beyond physical boundaries. Logical lines fare the businesss nature and extent, while complex transnational commercial alliances are taking place where the manufacturers do non know for whom they are producing and gear uping agencies do not know where the products will be marketed and utilise. Competition has expanded worldwide and capital is flowing through satellites. Such business environment is absolutely unprecedented that has affect the cultural spheres with the aforementioned(prenominal) speed and spirit.Other face of technological development is the value of breeding. Information has become a commodity which affects economics immensely. Contemporary good technology has not only made economics to smooth and faster through rapid flow of data and knowledge, alone it has also created a last conducive to economic growth. Similarly, unlike old indicators and predic tors of economic growth, communication technology has set new standards and parameters to gauge development of a society. For instance, those who have access to contemporary technologies and benefit from them and those who dont have access are two main social classes with different cultural identities.Poverty and affluence are two binary features of every society, and they have ramifications on the construction and development of culture of a social system. Technological progress has also affected the primitive social stratification regimes which has bases in economic wealth. New social categories have been created by the technologies. These categories are less economic prove rather rely on the degree of diffusion of innovative technologies in a society. The four distinguished features are high-speed, knowledge intensive, transnational and highly disciplinarian. The old disparities between rich and poor have been overwhelmed by new goings fast and slow, learning and static, plu gged-in and unplugged and localized or globalized. Apparently, the difference between poor and rich is visible from their acquisition of education and institution of enrolment. This distinction is quickly vanishing as poorly staffed educational institutions are being upgraded almost overnight through virtual links with premier universities of the world. Virtual educational environment is developing on strong footings effecting cost and quality parameters of education. Now, due to technological enhancement, it is possible for masses to learn anything, anytime, anywhere.Marshal McLuhan prophecies are proving true in presend day media henpecked societies. He, in early 1960s, focused on a different aspect of technological developments called media determinism. The epistemological assumption of media determinism explains that the society changes its ways of communication with the change of information culture medium. McLuhan says that new technologies alter the culture for better under standing of the technology and ways to use it. This refers a constant change process of culture and societal ways of doing things due to fast growing information technologies and emerging media. Medium is the pith is the title of McLuhans best selling book where he explains his ultimate position on media determinism. He believes that we shape our tools (media) and they (media) in turn shape us (Griffin, 2003, p.344). For him, it has less significant that what is said, rather how it is delivered matters. Besides global village and medium is the message, McLuhans phrase technology as extensions of the human body also attracted media theorist and generated a great debate. Similarly, he used tetrad1to explain the effects of technology on culture and society. Marshal McLuhan visualised the effects of mass media on society and culture in early 1960s when technological development had not hit media spheres as immensely as it seems now. Due to his prophetic approach in understanding the e ffects of technology on culture of a society, he drawed the status of a cult hero and high priest of pop-culture2.Literature reviewThe studies on mobile phone use draw on the send for research based on uses and gratifications perspective. They attempt to explain the intellects quite a little make use of (mobile) phone and what kinds of expectations or gratifications people like to have in (mobile) phone. According to telephone studies, in the main two categories of motives are implant instrumental or task-oriented and intrinsic or social motives (e.g., Dimmick et al., 1994b Fischer, 1988 Keller, 1977 Noble, 1987 OKeefe et al., 1995 Springer, 1981).Intrinsic use essence that people give notice (of) with differents through telephone for the purpose of companionship or reassurance, while instrumental use refers to use of telephone for utility, for example, information desire or making appointments.But the reasons people use mobile phones are a bit different from the reasons they use telephones. Leung Wei (2000) found not only social and instrumental motives of mobile phone use but mobility, immediacy, and fashion/status motives as well. In a similar way, Bae (2001) turn ins that the Korean peoples satisfactions sought from mobile phone are entertainment, sociability, transaction, Immediacy and privateness. In his study, immediacy and privacy reflect the characteristics of mobile phone communication. Besides, Lee (2001) suggests a variety of motives of Korean college students, like time management, face and conformity, and showing off.Why do people distribute and what interpersonal motives they essentially gratify from mobile use are hobbying aspects addressed in this paper. We understand that mobile phone is originally a medium of interpersonal communication, of which motives assess ones functional preferences for communication (Rubin et al., 1988). Moreover, these motives affect who people talk to, how they talk, and what they talk well-nigh (Ba rbato et al., 2003, p.126).Interpersonal communication motives refer to basic reasons people communicate with others. Schutz (1966) suggests that interpersonal needs are fulfilled on both behavioral and stirred levels. Behaviorally, inclusion is the need to perform satisfactory interactions and associations with others. Emotionally, it is the need to maintain coarse interests and acknowledge others. Behaviorally, control is the need to initiate or preserve power and influence over others. Emotionally, it is the call for achievement or the need to maintain usual respect for the capability of others. Behaviorally, essence is the need to initiate or keep relationships based on love, respect, and care. Emotionally, it is the need to achieve or maintain mutual hurt and connection with others (Schutz, 1966).In Rubin et al.s (1988) seminal study, sextet motives were identified sport, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control. Those provoked to communicate for pleasure do so for leisure, stimulation, and entertainment. The people, who were motivated to communicate for affection, do so to show appreciation and concerned for others. Those motivated to communicate for inclusion do so to void being lonely. Those motivated to communicate for escape do so to avoid other activities and pass time. Those motivated to communicate for relaxation do so to chill out and rest. Finally, those motivated to communicate for control do so to gain conformism or obedience from others. Robin (1988) divided motives into further two categories relationally oriented motives (affection, inclusion, pleasure, and relaxation) and personal influence motives (control and escape). Studies have examined motives for communicating in general and motives in specific interpersonal relationships, ranging from non- inner to intimate (Bailey et al., 2003). Graham et al (1993) argues that communicating for affective motives is common not just in family relationships but in other intimate dyads such as lovers and close friends. Bailey et al. (2003) adds more that although co-workers are motivated to communicate with one other for relaxation, they are not motivated to communicate with one another for inclusion. The motives to communicate with others of similar relationship type can be different for instance, the motives to communicate with sons and daughters vary even if both are in parent-child relationships.With this background, we will render attention to the relationships between six interpersonal motives and mobile phone use. Research is different from other uses and gratifications researches because social and interpersonal aspects of mobile phone use are the focal point this study addresses how people meet their interpersonal needs through mobile phone.The basic function of mobile phone is to mediate two persons. We generally use a mobile phone to contact others. Especially for young generation, text communicate is one of the most favorite interpersonal tra nsmit (Grinter Eldridge, 2001 Kasesniemi et al., 2002). Text messaging seems stir, and in case of youth rather superior, to utterance call.Obviously join call and text messaging are separate and separatist media although both are contained in one device. Voice call has higher level of social presence and is richer medium than text messaging. Social presence means the feeling that other actors are jointly involved in communicative interaction (Short et al., 1976, p.65).Likewise media richness refers to the ability of the medium to transmit multiple cues, immediacy of feedback, language variety and personal focus of the medium (Daft Lengel, 1986). Perse Courtright (1993) suggests that text-based interactions (e.g., e-mail, SMS, IMS) have been found to have less social presence or media richness than voice-based interactions (telephone or voice mail) as they lack nonverbal cues compared with other media. Therefore, it is clear that text messaging in a mobile device provides lowe r level of richness and social presence than mobile phone call does. We, therefore, consider voice and text grooves included in a mobile phone as equal alternatives to be selected when people want to communicate with others apart.In gender difference theory, it is generally considered that women differ from men and vice versa. The difference has been typically referred as expressive and instrumental (Parsons Bales, 1955), or as communal and agentic (Bakan, 1966). Parsons Bales (1955) differentiate masculine and feminine quality as instrumental and expressive, respectively. Criterion of such division is situative motivation. So, instrumentality refers taste of the person to achievement of the purpose outside the situation interpersonal interaction characterized by tolerance to emotional reactions of other persons. Expressivity considers a fulfillment of interests of the person right away on a situation of interpersonal interaction according to emotional reactions of other person s (Parsons Bales, 1955). Similarly, Bakan (1966) notes that gender differences can be divided into communal and agentic dimensions. Communal dimension involves concern for others, whereas agentic behaviors signify a focus on independence.Wajcman (1991) con executes that women have been excluded from the connection between men and technology, and that the production and use of technology are shaped by male power and interests. To show the technologys masculinity, he illustrates various social processes interrelated make new technology for example, computer into an unfamiliar culture for women. In this culture, people cannot help but think women as inferior to men in cognition and performance relating to technology (Ibid). Accordingly, in this study we examine the gender differences in motivations and uses of mobile media.Such exclusive qualities as relation-oriented vs. task-oriented have been identified in different researches. According to Deaux and Lewis (1984), stereotypical man is instrumental, assertive, competitive, dynamic, and task-competent the stereotypical woman is kind, nurturing, sensitive, relationally oriented, and expressive. In a metaanalysis, Mazzella et al. (1994) concludes that gender differences in personality are generally even across ages, educational levels, and nations. Moreover, popular press propagates gender stereotypes. Masculinity presented by press is strong, ambitious, successful, rational, and non emotional while femininity is attr restless, deferential, unaggressive, emotional, nurturing, and concerned with people and relationships (Wood, 1996).Perceptions about new technology are issue to gender analysis, and when observing communication habits, it is important to be awake of the different ways in which male and females view the telephone in general. Men are stereotypically expected to possess technological competence and know how, skills and interest (Lohan, 1997).In contrast to the task-orientated usage that characterizes the male use of the telephone, Lohan (1997) strings female style as person-oriented. Gossip is often a word used to describe what women do on the telephone. Such gender differences are also found in patterns of media behaviors. For a telephone, women use it more than men (Claisse Rowe, 1987 Fischer, 1992) and their motive for using it is primarily intrinsic or social one (Claisse Rowe, 1987 Dimmick, Sikand, Patterson, 1994a Moyal, 1992 Rakow, 1988). They keep close personal relationship and set up their relationship with others who are at a distance.As for a mobile phone, the gender difference in conventional telephone use seems to have ex extended. In a research by Leung Wei (2000), men tend to use mobile phone as an instrument to do business while women tend to make social calls, and men make use of it more than women do. In addition women have more attachment to their mobile phones than man do, especially to text massaging (Sun, 2004).Ling et al. (2005), a Norwegian researc her found difference in texting behavior between sexes despite the fact that men were quicker in adopting mobile phone and women became the more enthusiastic texters. On the basis of his hidden observations, Linger suggested that women are more adroit and more literary texters.Negating the statement that gender use of mobile phone is becoming similar, study among young Finns (16-20 years) identifies that males tend to ward trendy use (focus on design and technology functions) while females tended toward addictive use (focus on the use value) (Wilska 2003). In Europe, where mobile text messaging is more popular, a recent study shows that female users in the age host of 12 to 25 are apparently more enthusiastic about using SMS as a means of communication than male users (Peters et al, 2003).Samarajiva (2008), in a survey of low-income telephone users in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, found little gender differences in calls per month and call duration. Neilse n Mobiles recent data on texting in the U.S. shows a huge bulge in texting for ages 13-17, but the data are not overturned down by sex.Theoretical FrameworkFor this study, it has been found that Uses and Gratification approach propounded by Blumer and Katz is the most suitable theory to base the research and its finding.Media users have a free will to decide how they will use the media and how it will affect them. It is an optimistic view of the media according to uses and gratification approach. Blumler and Katzs uses and gratification theory suggests that media users play an active role in choosing and using the media. Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented in their media use. It is audience-centered approach that a media user seeks out a media source that best fulfills the needs of the user.The actual needs satisfied by media are called media gratifications. Katz, Gurevitch and Haas (1973) developed 35 needs taken from the social and psycho logical functions of the mass media and put them into five categories3 cognitive needs, affective needs, personal integrative needs, social integrative needs, and tension release needs.With respect to modern technology such as mobile phone, this theory still applies.The mobile phone has multiple functions communication device (voice calls, text messaging), entertainment device (music, games), information source i.e. mobile internet (Google-ing, online news, etc). For this study, mobile phone will serve the communication function of media and will investigate male and female interpersonal motives and the channel (voice call/ text messaging) they prefer most to encounter their interpersonal needs. Out of in a higher place mentioned needs, only six interpersonal needs inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation will be taken in the perspective of both voice calls and text messaging.Blumler Katz wraps up the model that different people can use the same communica tion message for very different purpose. Single media content may gratify different needs for different individuals and there is not only one way that people use media, there are as many reasons for using the media as there are media users. In interpersonal motive context, one may satisfy his inclusion need through sending a text message but the other may feel it pleasure to send a text message. In the same way it may be an act of escape for a person to make a voice call but the other person may feel relax while making a call. Even a voice call/ text message may mayhap satisfy more than one interpersonal needs of the sender/receiver.Research questionsFollowing are the main research questions addressed in this researchRQ1 are there differences between men and women in frequencies of using voice calls and text messaging.RQ2 Are there differences in men and women in interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging?In order to collect data on our main variable, we replicat ed Rubin et al.s interpersonal motives inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation in context of both voice calls and text messaging.MethodologyThis is research is quantitative in nature, and data was collected in a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. The instrument was developed to footfall the differences between men and women in the interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging. Respondents were also asked to report their frequency of mobile phone use, overall name of calls and text messages sent and received in a day.Like most of this kind of researches, we used ordinal level of measurement wherein attributes were rank ordered. Likert scale was used to measure the interpersonal motives.The population under investigation is mobile phone users from all the universities of Islamabad the capital of Pakistan. Since these mobile phone users are diverse and discrete, it is not easy to investigate the entire population. The researcher adopte d cluster sampling technique to collect a exemplification of 200 students all the six exoteric sector universities, including 100 from each gender. Both genders have been divided in five faculties by randomly selecting forty students from each faculty.For this study, the variables that were conceptualized and operationalized include young adults, text messaging and interpersonal motives.Young adult are those attaining age between late teens and early twenties. For data order of battle on this key variable, we selected a group of male and female ages between 18 and 26 as our target population.According to PC magazine, sending short messages to a smart phone, pager, PDA or other handheld device is called text messaging4. For this study text message is conceptualized as Short Messaging Service (SMS) through mobile phone, which supports messages of up to 160 characters.An emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action is called motive5. T he data have been collected on Rubin et al.s interpersonal motives inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation.The six interpersonal motives have been conceptualized and operationalized in the following mannerPlease The gratification of the senses or mind or agreeable sensations or emotions is called pleasure6. For the purpose of research pleasure is operationalized as an act that a person do for entertainment, fun and enjoyment.Affection Affection is a tender feeling toward another7and was operationalized for this study affection as an act of showing appreciation and care for others.Inclusion The act of including or the state of being included is called inclusion8. We have conceptualized inclusion as the desire to be with someone. To avoid being lonely.Escape Escape means to break loose from confinement or get free9. For data collection on this motive, we have operationalized escape as to pass the time or avoid other activities.Relaxation Relaxation is generally taken as rest or freedom from activity/work/strain or responsibility and it is operationalized as an activity to chill out.Control Controllability is to exercise authoritative or rule influence over someone or to direct someone10. For the purpose of data collection on this variable we have operationaized it to gain compliance or obedience from others.ResultsOf the respondents, our sample was equally represented by both male and female. 24% of the respondents were between the ages of 18-20, 52% were 21-24 years, and 18% were in 24-26 years age bracket, while the remaining 7% were in over 26 years age group. Age distribution of the respondents dont show an even representation of all age groups as the research emphasis was on even gender representation.However in the income distribution, 33% of the respondents fell in the 20-30 (thousand) category, while 28% fell in 31-40 (thousand) category. simply 17% 21% fell in 41-50(thousand) and above 50 thousand categories respectively. In P akistan, income below Rs.30,000 is considered below average, and average between Rs.30,000 and Rs.40,000, while people with income over Rs.40,000 is considered good. However, it greatly depends on the area one lives in besides the size of family.Gender difference in communication motives was calculated on the basis of six interpersonal motives (inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation) in context of voice call and text messaging and use of mobile phone was calculated on the basis of calls and text messages sent or received in a day. Results indicate that 36% of the respondents use mobile phone very often, 52% often, while 11% of the respondents use their cell seldom and only 1% reported that they dont use mobile phone daily.In the context of voice call and text messaging, inclusion and affection motives are closely related to each other as 68%, 56% agree, and 16%, 32% powerfully agree to the statement respectively that they make a voice call / text messaging t o show affection and care to their dear ones. While 50%, 49% agree and 14%, 30% strongly agree to the statement respectively that they make a voice call / send text message to be with someone or avoid being loneliness.RQ1 Are there differences between men and women in frequencies of using voice calls and text messaging.Descriptive statistics indicate no significance difference in mobile phone use among male and female users. Almost equal percentage (male 92% female 84%) of our population used mobile. Hence, the results do not indicate any significant difference in mobile phone by both the genders.Five bands with options 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and over 40 calls in a day were employed to observe the differences in call making in both the genders. The sample was described in three categories, viz casual, moderate and excessive users of mobile for calls and text messaging.Our results indicate that female casual and excessive users make more phone calls than male casual and excessiv e users, while there is hardly any significant difference in mobile call making between the moderate users of both the genders.On the other hand, the results indicate that males are more profound texters than females in almost all the categories of users.RQ2 Are there differences in men and women in interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging?The study collected data on six interpersonal motives as defined earlier, namely pleasure, inclusion, control, affection, escape, and relaxation in the context of both voice calls and text messaging.Our data predict that male segment strongly disagrees (54%) with this notion that when they are interested to seek pleasure they opt for call making as compared to a relatively smaller equilibrium (31%) who opt for making a call when seeking for pleasure. Females are also not found to be very different from males in this context. The prime reason seems to be the call rates which are though not very high, but most of our populatio n is not earning hands rather students, for them cost for pleasure seeking matters.On text messaging for pleasure, the results indicate that most of our population (65%) agrees to that they opt for SMS use. However, males have been found to be heavy users of text messages for pleasure seeking motive as compared to females.For the interpersonal motive of inclusion, our results show that majority (65%) of both males and females opt for making a call to their friends. But, 28% of both the genders could not to prove their opinion on this. In gender difference perspective, the male segment of our population has been found to be making more voice calls than females in order to talk to or be with someone.On the other hand for text messaging, the results point out that majority (75%) opts for text messaging to gratify their interpersonal motive of inclusion. Furthermore, as compared to females (60%), male (99%) send more text messages when they need to talk to someone.For interpersonal mot ive of relaxation, considerably large number (45%) of our population has been found to be using voice call option. For reasons to be explored, it has also been found that about 23% of our population did not opt for either agreement or divergence rather was suffering from ambivalence. And both the genders were equal in size on ambivalence state. Nevertheless, female segment has been found to be using voice calls about more (45%) than males (38%) to satisfy their interpersonal motive of relaxation.On text messaging pretext, data collected indicates that a good number of respondents (65%) opt for SMS to chill out. We could not find out any significant difference between the genders on the use of text messaging to relax.Interestingly, about 60% of both the genders have been found to be uncertain in their feelings whether they do opt for voice call to gratify their interpersonal motive of control which was operationalized as to gain compliance or obedience from friends and people aroun d when they ask them anything to do. Only 33% of the respondents have agreed that they opt for voice call to gain obedience or compliance from their friends, of which males (46%) are greater in size than females (21%). The picture has not been very different in text messaging as about 53% of the sample was confused about their action. We could not observe any significant difference in gender usage of text messaging for this interpersonal motive.When affection motive is investigated for gender difference in context of both voice call and text messaging, it is revealed that females (91%) prefer text message to show affection while males (77%) like to make a voice call to show love and care to their dear ones. Though males have not been lesser in size (80%) who manage to convey affection to their friends and family through text, however, conveying their affection through voice calls is their preferred mode of communication.With regard to escape as interpersonal motive, we have found a confused response as a handful number of the respondents (30%) opted for dont know option. For voice call, we have found clear divide among the respondents, of almost same size, opting for a voice call and not agreeing to making a voice call to gratify their interpersonal need of escape. There is no significant difference of gender variable on this variable.Same response has been found in text messaging in both the genders. An ambivalent response to whether they opt for text messaging to gratify their interpersonal motive of escape, and same almost equal divide in their responses as we observed voice call option.Besides above variables, the study attempted to know the quantum of calls made, received and text sent and received on average in a day by the both the genders. For all the categories, three classes have been constructed causal, moderate

Self Charging Cellphones Using Piezoelectric Zno Nanowires Engineering Essay

Self Charging Cell call backs Using Piezoelectric Zno Nanowires Engineering EssayThis paper aims at the revolution of mechanized thrust, plump energy and various word forms of disturbances to galvanizing energy using piezoelectric materials. Using piezoelectric materials it is easily possible to convert any kind of automatic stress to electrical energy and vice versa .Thus the sound produced during the usage of devices like cell borders nominate be converted to electrical energy and thus can be utilized for recharging the device. This paper presents a model of piezoelectric ZnO nanowire transducer for a gadget like supple phoneprototype of the power scavenging lap c everywhereing, and the overall traffic circle for charging the mobile battery using the generated energy.INDEX TERMS Charge generation, Diaphragm type , PVDF copolymer ,piezoelectric polymer , zinc oxide nanoparticle , Key depressions, Piezoelectric effect.INTRODUCTIONA mobile phone (also known as a cellular p hone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic ara. It does so by connecting to a cellular earningswork provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone ne cardinalrk.A mobile phone uses a battery which serves as a power source for phone functions. The battery basically has one of the most important considerations when choosing a mobile phone.The basic cellphone batteries used are Lithium ion batteries which are of pouch put .These batteries are basically soft type with flat body.The talk-time battery time for a basic cellphone is considered to be six hours. Thus this short smell causes problem in case of battery rundown when there is no charging point available or during an important phone call.This problem of battery life in a mobile phone can be solved by using the unused power existing in form of sound ,vibration ,human activities, structures and env ironmental sources. Among these, one of the promising sources of recovering energy is from the vibrations generated by the recognize depressions of any keypad integrated device such as a mobile phone. Primarily, the selection of energy harvester as compared to another(prenominal) alternatives such as battery depends on two main factors, cost effectiveness and reliability. Conversion of mechanical low frequency stress into electrical energy is obtained through the direct piezoelectric effect, using a rectifier and DC-DC converter circuit to store the generated electrical energy. in that location are three primary steps in power generation(a) trapping mechanical AC stress from available source.(b) Converting the mechanical energy to electrical energy using piezoelectric transducer.(c) Processing and storing the generated electrical energy.The mechanical payoff can be in the form of burst or continuous quest depending on the cyclic mechanical amplifier assembly. Depending on the f requency and amplitude of mechanical stress, one can cast the demand transducer, its dimensions, vibration mode and desired piezoelectric material. The energy generated is proportional to frequency and strain and higher energy can be obtained by operating at the resonance of the system.PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTThe approximation of this paper is to trap the vibrations of sound and other mechanical vibrations in a cellphone and use it to recharge the cellphone. Thus this creates a easier energy harvesting method. A conventional piezoelectric ceramic that is composed of a perovskite ceramic crystals, which consist of a small, tetravalent metal ion, usually of titanium or zirconium mineral, in an arrangement of lattice of larger, divalent lead or barium metal ions, and O2- ions (Figure 1). Under such arrangements they attain tetragonal or rhombohedral symmetry on the crystals. Individual crystal has a dipole antenna moment. Refer Figure 1 b.Preparation of piezoelectric ceramicinvolves the following steps.The required proportions of Fine PZT powders of the component metal oxides are mixed.Then, it is heated to form a uniform powder.Now the piezo powder is mixed with an organic binder to get structural elements of desired shape (discs, rods, plates, etc.).The mixture is undetermined to fire for a specific time and temperature program. It shapes the piezo powder particles and attains a dense crystalline structure.Finally the elements are cooled, then shaped or trimmed to various specifications, and electrodes are applied to the appropriate surfaces.Fig (1a)NOTEAbove the Curie point which is the critical temperature, the perovskite crystal in the fired ceramic element acquires a simple cubic symmetry with no dipole moment (Figure 1a).Below the Curie point, each crystal exihibits tetragonal or rhombohedral symmetry with a dipole moment (Figure 1b). Adjacent dipoles that are connected form regions of local alignment are called domains. This gives a net dipole moment to the domain, and thus a net polarization. The mode of polarization among all the adjacent domains is random, so the ceramic element has zero overall polarization (Figure 1a).Figure(1.b) CRYSTAL STRUCRURE PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICThe alignment of the domains is make by exposing them to a stronger and direct current electric field,at a temperature slightly below the Curie point (Figure2b). Through this special polarizing treatment, domains that are aligned ambient with the electric field expand at the expense of unaligned domains, and the element lengthens in the direction of the field. When the electric field is withdrawn, nearly all the dipoles are locked into a strain of closer alignment (Figure2c). The element now is said to have permanent polarization, the permanent polarization, and is permanently elongated.Fig(2) POLARIZING OR POLLING A PIEZO CRYSTALThe tension produced by the mechanical compression on a poled piezoelectric ceramic element alters the dipole moment due to which a electromotive force is created. voltage of the same polarity as that of the poling voltageis generated by the compression produced along the direction of polarization, or tension perpendicular to the direction of polarization. Tension opposite to the direction of polarization, or compression parallel to the direction of polarization, generates a voltage with polarity opposite that of the poling voltage i.e., Disk is stretched. These fulfills are called generator actions .The ceramic element converts the mechanical energy (due to compression / tension) into electrical energy. This action is used in fuel-igniting devices, solid state batteries, force-sensing devices, and many other products. Values for compressive stress and the voltage (or field strength) generated by applying stress to a piezoelectric ceramic element are linearly proportional up to a material-specific stress. And also true for applied voltage and generated strain.fig (3)The piezoelectric materials are advantage ous in that they do not rely on external power sources (e.g., batteries or alternating current (AC) power) for continued operations, unlike strain gages ber optics , wireless sensor nodes, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices , and other types of sensing systems. Unfortunately, PZT and PVDF suffer from fundamental limitations intrinsic to their material. Although piezo-ceramic PZT transducers cause high piezoelectricity and d33 piezoelectric constants approximately 200-400 pC N-1 , they are extremely brittle, have high exit factors, and are characterized by highly hysteretic behavior . On the other hand, piezoelectric polymers such as PVDF and PVDF-copolymers are exible, conformable, and can be fabricated to different sizes and thicknesses . However, they ingest considerably lower piezoelectric constants are compared to PZTs (10 pC N-1) and require intricate mechanical stretching to enhance their bulk lm piezo-electricity. Furthermore, both PVDF lms and PZTs require hi gh-powered poling so as to enhance their piezo-electricity. Thus, in order to use piezoelectric transducers for sensing applications in complex laboratory and eld environments, it is desirable for them to simultaneously possess high piezoelectricity and excellent mechanical properties. On the other hand, the nanotechnology domain offers a diverse suite of new materials and composite fabrication methodologies for high-performance piezoelectrics . Among the overplus of nanomaterials, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (e.g., nanowires, nanosprings, and nanoparticles, among others) can be readily synthesized and exhibit inherent piezoelectricity .BLOCK DIAGRAMThe basic elude diagram of the proposed model is shown in Fig. below. It consists of 3 main button ups,(a) piezoelectric power generation(b) rectification(c) storage of DC voltage.AC voltage is generated from the piezoelectric material which is rectified by the rectification block and then it is stored in a storage device such as a battery.Fig (4)BLOCK DIAGRAMDESCRIPTION(PROTOTYPE MODEL OF PIEZOELECTRIC significant FOR MOBILE PHONES )A diaphragm assembly comprises at least two piezoelectric diaphragm members arranged in a stacking direction. An interface level is primed(p) between adjacentpiezoelectric diaphragm members. The interface layer in the stacking direction is displaceable and incompressible or resilient. The interface layer permits lateral movement of the adjacent piezoelectric diaphragm members relative to the interface layer in a direction perpendicular to the stacking direction.The interface layer can comprise, for example, an incompressible liquid or a semi fluid or a compressible gas. A gasket can be used to seal the substance in the interface layer if necessary.Fig. 5. Basic model of diaphragm type piezoelectricitygeneration.1. Electrodes2. Piezoelectric material (PVDF)3. SiO24. n-Si5. Hole for the central part of film to deform itselfCIRCUITRYThe figure illustrates the overall circuit dia gram of the entire process. The rectifier shown in the Fig maybe either a full hustle rectification circuit or a half wave rectification circuit based on the combination of rectifying valves or a voltage double rectifier. Since a diode is being used in the rectifier, a p-n junction diode or a Schottky diode can be used. The Schottky diode has a threshold voltage which is lesser than that of a p-n junction diode. For example, if the diode is formed on a silicon substrate, a p-n diode may have a threshold voltage of approximately 0.065 volts while the threshold voltage of a Schottky diode is approximately 0.30 volts. Accordingly, the uses of Schottky diode instead of p-n diode will reduce the power consumption required for rectification and will effectively outgrowth the electrical charge available for accumulation by the capacitor. When the electromotive force in the piezoelectricity generation section is small, a Schottky diode having a low climb voltage is more preferable. The bridge rectifier section provides rectification of the AC voltage generated by the piezoelectric section. By arranging the rectification section on a monolithic n-Si substrate, it is possible to form a very compact rectification section. A typical diode can rectify an alternating current-that is, it is able to block part of the current so that it will pass through the diode in only one direction. However, in blocking part of the current, the diode reduces the aggregate of electric power the current can provide. A full-wave rectifier is able to rectify an alternating current without blocking any part of it. The voltage betweentwo points in an AC circuit regularly changes from positive to negative and back again. In the full-wave rectifier shown in Fig the positive and negative halves of the current are handled by different pairs of diodes. The output signal produced by the full-wave rectifier is a DC voltage, but it pulsates. To be useful, this signal must be smoothed out to produce a constant voltage at the output. A simple circuit for filtering the signal is one in which a capacitor is in parallel with the output. With this arrangement, the capacitor becomes charged as the voltage of the signal produced by the rectifier increases. As soon as the voltage begins to drop, the capacitor begins to discharge, maintaining the current in the output. This discharge continues until the increasing voltage of the following pulse again equals the voltage across the capacitor. The rectified voltage is stored into a storage capacitor as shown in Fig., which gets charged upto a pre-decided value, at which the leaf closes and the capacitor discharges through the storage device or the battery. In this way the energy can be stored in the capacitor, and can be discharged when required .Fig 6Circuit diagram of the whole process.RESULTSThe material used for the current application is a PZT with 1.5 Mpa lateral stress operating at 15Hz. The output power produced is 1.2W. The en ergy/power density is 6mW/cm3.The output voltage is 9V 8. The volume of the material used is 0.2cm3. This voltage can be used to produce the required amount of charge after being processed.CONCLUSIONThe design of the proposed energy conservation system for mobile phones and has been presented in this paper. The design helps to provide easy energy harvesting technique for mobile phones.The design presented here will be quite effective in providing an alternate means of power supply for the mentioned devices during emergency.The design is improved by implementing nanowires .The implementation of nanowires reduces the size of the system and also improves the efficiency on the other hand increases the cost of the system.Thus this design converts the vibrartion due to sound and key depression into electrical energy to recharge the mobile phones.

The Birth of P-Funk: George Clinton Essay -- essays research papers

In ancient African civilizations music took precedence in all activities that the tribes participated in. There was a song for every celebration, every birth, and every death. As Africans were enslaved and moved to North America by Europeans, many customs and traditions followed with them. As their culture was stripped from them and European ideals were placed upon them, they kept song as their universal language and their link to the motherland. From early on, slave songs also known as Negro Spirituals were the firstborn inclination of what could be considered African American music. These songs were for the most part influenced by the conversion of many Africans to Christianity, and generally held a religious overtone. As slavery came and went and those enslaved Africans settled and made this country their home. The music they made and celebrated evolved on with the culture. Gospel was one of the first of many musical styles to emerge from black communities. Developed as a reli gious style of music, gospel was one of the first indicators that the black church had formed. Out of Gospel music emerged a more secular form of music called Blues. Blues spoke of some of the same hardships that lightlessness spirituals and gospel music, but the object was not to ask for guidance from a spiritual entity. Many other musical genres were created and shaped from the experiences of Africans living in America. Everything from whap to Soul to R&B all are direct contributions from the experiences o...

Initiative 200 :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action Under Attack by Initiative 200?Affirmative doing is under heavy attack by initiative 200, and it should non be. It should not be under fire because it serves as an act of restitution for the difference and scandalize that we eat caused African-Americans and other minorities throughout this century. It is our job to repair and repay blacks because our performance in the quondam(prenominal) has immediately affected their present status. Americans, especially white males until late, were not opposed to affirmative action. This is only because affirmative action primarily benefited white males. It was the privileges our colonial fathers established on the basis of race and gender that allowed white males to get over the job market with little or no contention. Some even believe that affirmative action is preferential treatment for white males. White males have used race consistently in two ways since the Civil War for the purpose of inclusion and exclusion. The y have used race inclusively to benefit themselves and merely to deny opportunity to others. In the past, white males were preferred. In the present, however, affirmative action, though still based on race and gender, is used to include those who in the past were excluded. In more precise terms, with todays affirmative action, or preferential treatment, we are attempting to adjust for the imbalances of the past that have been carried on into the present. All of this seems so intuitively obvious, so why then cant most Americans understand why affirmative action is obligatory? I believe the resolving is as follows Americans have refuse to recognize that there is and empirical relationship between the past and the present. They refuse to recognize that understanding the effects of past discrimination on the present is the key to explaining why affirmative action is not only needed in the present, but is the moral and political responsibility of alleged(prenominal) Christian nation. A recognition such as this would also demonstrate the inadequacies of present-day affirmative action. Affirmative action is a cheap price for blacks to patch for, given he way America has systematically discriminated against them in order to preserve and protect white male, and increasingly, white female privilege.Since the Civil War and up to the 1954 Brown vs. the Board of Education decision, African Americans have been denied equal access to higher education and the labor market, and they have been denied by law.